| Acute toxicity test | LD50 > 2000 mg/kg (rats), classified as practically non-toxic |
| Subchronic/chronic toxicity | 90-day rat feeding study showed a NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) of 300 mg/kg/day |
| Reproductive toxicity | Non-teratogenic, non-embryotoxic (OECD standard tests) |
| Genotoxicity | Ames test, micronucleus test, and chromosome aberration test were all negative |
| Human clinical trials | Multiple RCT studies show it is well-tolerated when taken continuously for 6-12 months (10-30 mg/day) |
